REPORT: Gender, care, and labour during the pandemic 

Kambouri, N. (2022). Gender, care, and labour during the pandemic. Athens: Centre for Gender Studies. 

 

International:

Bateman, N. & Ross, M. (2020, October). Why has COVID-19 been especially harmful for working women? THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/essay/why-has-covid-19-been-especially-harmful-for-working-women/

Chikazhe, L., Mashapure, R., Chavhunduka, D., & Hamunakwadi, P. (2020). Socio-Economic Implications of Covid19 Pandemic to Women Entrepreneurs: A Case of the Informal Sector in Zimbabwe. Business Management and Strategy, 12(1). Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a67f/68c768456d398a3a928e2f135e052ca45216.pdf

Chung, H., Birkett, H., Forbes, S., & Seo, H. (2021). Covid-19, Flexible Working, and Implications for Gender Equality in the United Kingdom. Gender & Society, 35(2), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432211001304. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/08912432211001304?fbclid=IwAR2KBu6stbAU-Mw1vTbKaXB3qyhzu3PUCSWPsjpb57HQ4TFlg1iSotiljvU

Conaghan, J. (2020, May 7). COVID-19 and inequalities at work: a gender lens. Futures of Work. Retrieved from: https://futuresofwork.co.uk/2020/05/07/covid-19-and-inequalities-at-work-a-gender-lens/ 

Decker M, Wood N, Thiongo M, Byrne M, Devoto B, et al. (2021) Gendered health, economic, social and safety impact of COVID-19 on adolescents and young adults in Nairobi, Kenya. PLOS ONE, 16(11): e0259583. Retrieved from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0259583

Del Boca, D., Oggero, N., Profeta, P. et al. (2020). Women’s and men’s work, housework and childcare, before and during COVID-19. Review of Economics of the Household 18, 1001–1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09502-1. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11150-020-09502-1?fbclid=IwAR39cm48XhKHR2XbjPo6V62jxLTt9M6uC_Azd-1zWy_zZc_c3V7vue1pDsY

Equality Fund (2020, May 21). A Feminist Action Agenda for Canada’s Global Response to COVID-19. Retrieved from: https://equalityfund.ca/feminist-action-covid-19/?fbclid=IwAR2hHFchrOy9QkPIBaJQ2iG72cJnEiiM_m_Pfg1DP6sDmqOhFtFA0Cm9i8c

Fabrizio, S., Malta, V. & Tavares, M. (2020, July 1). Why COVID-19 is a backwards step for gender equality – and what to do about it. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/07/covid19-coronavirus-gender-parity-equality-progress-policy-economics?fbclid=IwAR0hEANMq69qpTz-IvP50GF317EEEVkSLtyFXaYDA4VjoiK6xW2s-5NE-TI

Fewer women than men will regain employment during the COVID-19 recovery says ILO. (2021, July 19). International Labour Organization (ILO). Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_813449/lang–en/index.htm

Flor, L., Friedman, J., Spencer, C., Cagney, J.,  Arrieta, A., Herbert, M. et al. (2022). Quantifying the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender equality on health, social, and economic indicators:a comprehensive review of data from March, 2020, to September, 2021. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00008-3. Retrieved from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)00008-3/fulltext

Hasselaar, E. & Saldarriaga Jiménez, A. (2020, July 22). The COVID-19 crisis disproportionately affects women – here’s how Latin America is addressing it. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/07/covid-19-economic-crisis-women-latin-america-gender-parity/?fbclid=IwAR0hEANMq69qpTz-IvP50GF317EEEVkSLtyFXaYDA4VjoiK6xW2s-5NE-TI

International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020). Gendered impacts of COVID-19 on the garment sector. Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—asia/—ro-bangkok/—sro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_760374.pdf

Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, et al. (2020). Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e203976. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976. Retrieved from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2763229?fbclid=IwAR1UxtXCG_L7y5gCJr8spVj5EVfcirA2hM4vvwWhQKqIZk0jJc20Q2f5OnE

Landivar, L., Ruppanner, L., Scarborough, W., & Collins, C. (2020). Early Signs Indicate That COVID-19 Is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the Labor Force. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 6, 1-3. doi.org/10.1177/2378023120947997 . Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2378023120947997

Lee, C. (2021, November 10). Women’s Work is Essential and Undervalued During the COVID-19 Pandemic. New Security Beat. Retrieved from: https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2021/11/womens-work-essential-undervalued-covid-19-pandemic/

Levine C. (2020, April 23). If You Are an Essential Worker, You Are Probably a Woman. Nonprofit Quarterly. Retrieved from: https://nonprofitquarterly.org/if-you-are-an-essential-worker-you-are-probably-a-woman/

Llop-Gironés, A., Vračar, A., Llop-Gironés, G. et al. (2021). Employment and working conditions of nurses: where and how health inequalities have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic?. Hum Resour Health 19, 112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00651-7. Retrieved from: https://human-resources-health.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12960-021-00651-7?fbclid=IwAR3T6zXJ30gOoCU5qZ5TDjc2TJxMEIHGD608AynfuZZe8rerlA7DYHqgIqc#Sec21

Masterson, V. (2020, October 20). Why COVID-19 could force millions of women to quit work – and how to support them. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/women-work-gender-equality-covid19/?fbclid=IwAR3mN_jrNq2dPvKaco_sM6POgU5yh9C0pMBYFpglA2mfv7Dd_Rs5DdQ0Xyk

Matlali, L. (2021, May 28). Women are essential to the economy – so let’s treat them that way. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/05/women-are-essential-to-the-economy-gender-gap-inequity-childcare-workforce-employment/?fbclid=IwAR0Xua5n0mxowTezTBKJpyH7OEeHnNC367jCVYUG4dZUh1tnscpWtTs4Z0k

McLaughlin, M. (2020, June 1). We Must Protect Girls And Women From the Lasting Economic Impacts of Covid-19. Plan International. Retrieved from: https://plan-international.org/blog/2020/06/economic-impacts-covid-19-girls-and-women?fbclid=IwAR0r4RxQpfQ9WjaOYFJUFS2DKxQrjnBiI3urrtPwRVJtFxfX4iLhuDSCNH4

Mele BS, Holroyd-Leduc JM, Harasym P, et al. (2021). Healthcare workers’ perception of gender and work roles during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open, 11:e056434. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056434. Retrieved from: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/12/e056434

Neely, M. T. (2020, June 3). Essential and Expendable: Gendered Labor in the Coronavirus Crisis. Stanford University. Retrieved from: https://gender.stanford.edu/news-publications/gender-news/essential-and-expendable-gendered-labor-coronavirus-crisis

Nesbitt-Ahmed, Z. & Subrahmanian, R. (2020, April 23). Caring in the time of COVID-19: Gender, unpaid care work and social protection. UNICEF. Retrieved from: https://blogs.unicef.org/evidence-for-action/caring-in-the-time-of-covid-19-gender-unpaid-care-work-and-social-protection/

OECD (2021, December 13). Caregiving in Crisis: Gender inequality in paid and unpaid work during COVID-19. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/caregiving-in-crisis-gender-inequality-in-paid-and-unpaid-work-during-covid-19-3555d164/  

Petts, R., Carlson, D., & Pepin, J. (2020). A gendered pandemic: Childcare, homeschooling, and parents’ employment during COVID-19. Wiley Online Library, 28(2), 515–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12614. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gwao.12614?fbclid=IwAR0A1pN7DVP-SschCWlOVk8wWPwC_4KLBFcAFWmjK3Wre8iLXInFYhZDeLc

PLAN INTERNATIONAL. (6 APRIL 2020). How to support women’s economic well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from: https://plan-international.org/blog/2020/04/how-support-womens-economic-well-being-during-covid-19-pandemic?fbclid=IwAR0Hbf7TIRIsfOtGgFG7J3i6tkcS1-wZHYsb_SIkUocnD3XucweYMa5a9eg

Profeta, P. (2021). Gender Equality and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Labour Market, Family Relationships and Public Policy. Intereconomics, 56(5), 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-021-0997-2. Retrieved from: https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2021/number/5/article/gender-equality-and-the-covid-19-pandemic-labour-market-family-relationships-and-public-policy.html

Power, K. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16: 1, 67-73, doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561?needAccess=true

UN DESA Statistics Division. (2021, March 8). Time spent in unpaid work; total work burden; and work-life balance. Retrieved from: https://worlds-women-2020-data-undesa.hub.arcgis.com/apps/time-spent-in-unpaid-work-total-work-burden-and-work-life-balance/explore

UN Women. (2021). COVID-19 and fiscal policy: Applying gender-responsive budgeting in support and recovery. Retrieved from: https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2021/policy-brief-covid-19-and-fiscal-policy-en.pdf?la=en&vs=3544

UN Women. (2020). COVID-19 and the care economy: Immediate action and structural transformation for a gender-responsive recovery. Retrieved from: https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2020/policy-brief-covid-19-and-the-care-economy-en.pdf?la=en&vs=407

UN Women and UN ESCWA. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality in the Arab Region. Retrieved from: https://www.unescwa.org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/20-00131_gpid_pb_eng_apr5.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2DOHk_JWB01eby3USIVuyB_madf0ndD4xoyrM_cpIzQ6ZqWj5D0bF3K88

World Economic Forum. (2020, May 22). COVID-19: How do we ensure women aren’t left behind? Retrieved from: https://womenforwomen.org.uk/blog/covid-19-how-do-we-ensure-women-aren’t-left-behind?fbclid=IwAR2Yd5q0IwQGDOyyrg7zDQsLxCcgdGL0p7PQBy-_K1anuzBjilbrqIPMcf4 

World Economic Forum. (2021, March 31). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Economic Gender Gaps. In Global Gender Gap Report 2021 (pp. 43- 58). Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/reports/ab6795a1-960c-42b2-b3d5-587eccda6023/in-full/gggr2-impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-economic-gender-gaps?fbclid=IwAR1HKPgbEuWxb-3j0hCjlM9tipCaXWDc6cDds4u6nmUj-8WaZBEWO-CVRAY

Yavorsky, J., Qian, Y.,& Sargent A. The gendered pandemic: The implications of COVID-19 for work and family. Wiley Online Library, 16(5), e12881. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12881. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/soc4.12881?fbclid=IwAR2hHFchrOy9QkPIBaJQ2iG72cJnEiiM_m_Pfg1DP6sDmqOhFtFA0Cm9i8c

European:

Blaskó, Z., Papadimitriou, E., & Manca, A.R. (2020). How will the COVID-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe?, EUR 30181 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, doi:10.2760/37511. Retrieved from: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c74af327-8441-11ea-bf12-01aa75ed71a1/language-en

Boca, D., Oggero, N., Profeta, P., & Rossi, M. (2020). Women’s Work, Housework and Childcare, before and during COVID-19. IZA Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved from: http://ftp.iza.org/dp13409.pdf

Cilia, F., Halland, & Anders (2019). Childbirth, household labor division and gender equality: evidence from ten European countries. Norwegian School of Economics. Bergen: 2019. Retrieved from: https://openaccess.nhh.no/nhh-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2644229/masterthesis.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1

Camussi, E., Rella, R., Grigis , P., Sassi, C., & Annovazzi, C. (2021). Women and Covid19: How the Italian Government Task Force Fostered Gender Equity. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 3:704727. doi: 10.3389/fhumd.2021.704727. Retrieved from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fhumd.2021.704727/full?fbclid=IwAR2RuQPyuT-HHo1QzUunI0DXiTSNJ6m0q6Q5QjxNAXRs1CyXBqPz2aBjD2U

European Institute for Gender Equality. (2021, January 20). Gender inequalities in care and consequences for the labour market. Retrieved from: https://eige.europa.eu/publications/gender-inequalities-care-and-consequences-labour-market

European Institute for Gender Equality. (2020, November 19). Gender inequalities in care and pay in the EU. Retrieved from: https://eige.europa.eu/publications/gender-inequalities-care-and-pay-eu

Hupkau, C. & Petrongolo, B. (2020). Work, care and gender during the Covid-19 crisis. Centre for Economic Performance- LSE. Retrieved from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/104674/3/Petrongolo_work_care_gender_during_covid_19_crises_published.pdf